Electrified railway and urban rail transit from DC to AC drive the rapid development, and it is the emerging development of power electronic devices inseparable.glue stick Because of the emergence of any new device will transform the power and control technology to create breakthrough to dramatically improve the performance and the drive to expand its range of applications.
Electric Transportation has been a century of history, is widely used in industrialized countries and urban mass transit railway system. China's current railway and urban rail transport development and the needs of the national economy and the world advanced level,glue gun there are still a big gap. However, through the efforts of several generations, a comprehensive transport AC variable frequency electric and traction of the time is coming.
World Rail electrification of the development process.
May 31, 1879, in Berlin, Germany at the World Trade Fair, Siemens and Halske Company by the display of the world's first electric railway. The railway length of only 300m, running the electric locomotive in the above is only 954kg, the maximum operating speed of up to 13km, looks like now the electric toys. However, in the trailer, really capable of carrying several passengers, the 4-month exhibition period a total of more than 80,000 passengers transported. This is considered a pioneer in electric railway in the world. In 1881, Siemens and Halske Company in Berlin suburb of Li Xite Field Station and the Military Academy was built a long 2145m between the tram lines, the same year the International Electrotechnical Exhibition in Paris, France on display at the first length of 500m by two overhead wires power the tram line, which is increase the voltage, the use of high-power traction motor to create the conditions. This form of electric railway tram there, causing the Western Europe, of great interest to the United States and Japan in the next period of time, the United Kingdom, Sweden, the United States, Japan, Germany, Italy also have built their own electric railway. Most of the early use of low voltage DC electric railway and three-phase AC power supply, mainly used in city traffic, suburban lines and mining routes. With industrial development, also began the development of electrified railway's main line railway between the city up. However, due to the constraints of science and technology development, the AC drive system on electrified railway locomotive there is no dominant, but one of the pursuit and exploration of AC drive has not stopped.
After 50 years of the 20th century, Western industrialized countries in order to meet the growing demand for transport, the railway began on a large scale modernization. States have begun for the construction of electric railway, the railway electrified railway mileage in the total proportion of growing, the construction of more and more countries. According to incomplete statistics, the end of 2002, the world's total railway operating mileage 1185518.5km, which is not built electrified railways for the 64 countries and regions, the total railway operating mileage of 105054km; electrified railway has been built for the countries and regions 65, the total railway operating mileage 1080464.5km, total operating mileage of electrified railway 261688km. The construction of the electrified railway has been electrified the country was 23%, European countries electrification rate reached 46%. A total of 11 countries (Switzerland, Sweden, Italy, Japan, Spain, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Germany, France, Ukraine) in the 5000km electrified railway mileage and the electrification rate of more than 40%, of which Switzerland's electrification rate is as high as 98%.
Since the 70s of the 20th century, power electronics and microelectronics technologies emerge and progress, once again evoke the enthusiasm of the AC drive system. Since 1971, the world's first AC drive diesel locomotive with asynchronous DE2500 since the advent of the superiority of AC drive system with its prominent rail transport sector has been the concern of all countries, access to the considerable development, and has replaced the DC drive . Compared with the DC drive locomotives, AC drive has incomparable superiority, which has been in the national rail transport system has been widely validated. Used three-phase AC drive AC induction motor than the DC motor power / volume ratio and power / weight ratio greater, without regular maintenance, the failure rate is low. Constant power induction motor area much larger than the DC motor, speed more, starting traction, continuous power, is conducive to heavy and high-speed traction. AC drive can easily achieve electrical braking, greatly reducing the consumption of the brake shoe and braking feedback can use the energy to play the role of energy-saving fuel economy, significant economic benefits. In addition, the AC drive locomotive of a prominent advantage in its excellent adhesion characteristics, due to asynchronous AC motor drive systems with a very stiff mechanical properties, are less likely to slip or wheel spin. Secondly, AC drive electric locomotive traction and regeneration conditions of the power factor close to 1, not only reduces power consumption but also in the regenerative braking energy can be high-quality feedback to the grid, eliminate the power of the interference signal and communication systems. Furthermore, after the locomotive with AC traction motors, greatly reduce unsprung weight and improved wheel-rail dynamic performance, reduced locomotive wheel flange wear. With the field oriented control and direct torque control strategy for high performance induction motor control applications, speed AC drive locomotives have been able to meet or exceed the performance of the DC drive locomotive.
Large capacity AC motor control system development and the development of power electronic devices solidarity. 80 years, the GTO, BJT, MOSFET turn-off as the representative from the device has made great progress, especially the emergence of high-voltage IGBT, IGCT (IntegratedGate-CommutatedThyristor) compound represented by bipolar devices, power electronic devices are made along the high-capacity, high frequency, easy to drive, low loss, and the direction of intelligent modular manner. With the development of devices, high voltage large capacity AC motor control system is also increasingly high performance. 90 years in Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries and regions, high-power thyristors semiconductor device applications has been entered into the GTO, and even to high-voltage IGBT; locomotive electric drive overall development by the DC drive to AC drive, DC-drive locomotive has stopped production, complete conversion to the AC drive.
In addition, the development of computer technology to make very complex AC drive control is becoming increasingly easy to implement, thus further contributing to the AC drive technology maturity and development. Turn off the power of new emerging devices, the voltage and current and increasing the switching frequency, rolling stock has been fully able to meet the needs of the field converter. Converter with improved cooling device to protect the technology to make it reliable, no maintenance advantages.
In railway electrification, traction of the wave of communication, people of railway transport has put forward higher requirements, such as fast, comfortable, energy conservation and reduce pollution. With the development of science and technology and the needs of people living and production, high-speed electrified railway has become the development direction of the railway world now. October 1, 1964, Tokyo, Japan to Osaka, opening and operation of the Tokaido Shinkansen, opened the prelude to the development of the world's high-speed railway. 1981, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and other countries have high-speed railway construction. France's TGV, Germany's ICE high-speed train line is one of the representatives. International Union of Railways (UIC) have had a definition that allows the maximum speed is greater than equal to 250km / h railway line or to allow the new maximum operating speed is greater than 200km / h in the existing railway line, can be called high-speed railway. Today's high-speed train has long been used by the AC drive and control the computer using the GTO and the IGBT converter updated components, operating speed can reach 300km / h, the latest AGV trains in France and South Korea HSR350x train speed can reach 350km. The development of high-speed railway will be the traditional 100 years more to enhance the inherent advantages of rail in integrated transport system and other modern means of transport compared with the following advantages: 1) the most secure large transport capacity of modern high-speed rail transportation, improve safety and security technology to prevent human errors, equipment failures and natural disasters and other emergencies caused by accidents. 2) energy efficient green traffic relatively speaking, in accordance with the total energy consumption per km, high-speed rail is much smaller than cars and planes. And high-speed railway using a secondary energy - electricity, traction no emissions, soot and dust pollution, noise, smaller than the highway, but also much less land occupation. 3) economic and social benefits of good high-speed railway in the industrial chain and transport chain to the top, the development of high-speed rail can play a stimulating and relevant transport related industries leading role. Along high-speed railway will also help attract people, increase employment opportunities, help businesses develop and increase the city revenue, is a vibrant economic zone.
Now, a growing number of countries already have or are in or preparing to build high-speed railway. As of the end of 2003, the world's speed of more than 250km high-speed railway operating mileage has reached 5900km, and nearly 3000km high-speed railway under construction. 2015, the world's high-speed railway will reach 23 countries and regions, with a total mileage will reach 30000km, Europe, China Unicom will form a high-speed rail network. Table 2 lists the end of 2002, high-speed railway in operation abroad summary.
The development of railway electrification has also led to the development of urban rail transit, metro and urban rail transit has AC drive system. As the urban economy, the increasing development of cultural activities, the increase of population and road vehicles, urban traffic and transport to the contradiction between the more obvious each day, urban transport problems affect people of working life as a prominent issue, but also as a constraint to urban economic development a major obstacle. In addition, emissions caused by vehicles, noise, vibration and other environmental pollution, and more and more people pay attention. In this context, countries around the world began to use three-dimensional rapid rail transit system to solve the worsening problem of urban transportation, and gradually formed as the main current of the MTR, the coexistence of various types of rail transport rail transportation development pattern of modern urban . Most of which is the fastest-growing metro. Underground with the city than in other modes of transport, in addition to large volume, fast, clean advantages but also very safe. October 17, 1989, San Francisco Bay Area earthquake of magnitude 7.1 occurred, the subway is running fine. According to the Japanese subway Association, 1999, 115 cities around the world have built a total length of subway lines more than 7000km. Now, subway, light rail and other rail traffic in the urban traffic system is playing an increasingly important role.
Such as the Moscow Metro is the world's busiest subway, one of more than 800 million people per person per day in Moscow to take a subway, subway passenger charged the city 44%. Business mileage and the Tokyo subway passenger traffic on the Moscow metro is very close. Paris Metro's passenger traffic at more than 1,000 million. New York-based public transport to metro, chief of its business lines in the world, Japan has reached 20 million passenger trips, representing the city's various modes of transport volume by 60%. Hong Kong has greatly eased after the subway ground transportation, is now in the public transport market share of 47%.
Electrification of rail transportation development and the status quo.
China's electrified railway construction is started after the founding of new China, the world other than a few electrified railway power to over half a century later.
August 15, 1961, in the new line of Baoji Fung Pou was completed, the state first electrified railway in China, full 93km. After this, a variety of reasons, China's electrified railway in a period of slow development. After reform and opening up, especially in the 20th century, 80 years later, China has been rapid development of electrified railway. "Plan" during the construction of the electrified railway 2507.53km, "Plan" during the construction of the 2787.10km, "Eighth Five-Year" period built 3012.21km, "during the" construction of the 4783.44km, but also successfully completed the first in China speed of 200km Guangzhou-Shenzhen-quasi-high speed electrified railway, fast construction speed year after year, building scale year by year. In the 21st century, China to further accelerate the electrification of railway construction, the end of 2002, China has built 41 electric railway stem (branch) line, electrified railway mileage of the 18615.73km (business mileage 18115.1km), more than Japan, India, ranking first in Asia and third in the world, electrification of the railway world in a big net. By 2010, China's electrified railway mileage will reach 26000km. By 2010, the main peak of the five grew up Route - Beijing-Harbin line, Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, Beijing-Shanghai line, the Shanghai-Hangzhou Zhegan Xian Longhai line and electrification will be across the board, eight vertical and eight horizontal main channel 16 there will be basically completed 12 electrified railway; also built Beijing-Shenyang, Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, long value for four electrified passenger line; of 6 regions - southwest, west of the, North, South, Northeast and East China's electrified railway the basic connection into a network; China's first high-speed electrified railway - the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway will also be fully under construction. By then, China's railway electrification rate is expected to reach 34.6% (about the national railway mileage of over 40%), double-track electrified railway rates will increase to 68.9%, electric railway passenger and freight traffic will account for rail borne traffic of the total 65%.
Basically, the process of synchronization with the electrification of the railway, electric locomotives in China also experienced a "from scratch", "from less to more," "from low to high" in the development process. Route 1958, the first electric locomotive of the birth of China's electric locomotive to achieve "zero" breakthrough, electric locomotive products "from scratch"; 1985 and the first phase control of electric locomotives - 8 axle locomotive SS4 birth Phased 1990 SS5 subsequent 4-axis passenger electric locomotives, 1991 passenger SS6 6-axis dual phased-electric locomotive, 1992 6-axis phase control locomotive SS7, SS8 1994 4-axis quasi-phased high-speed passenger electric locomotive, etc. The successful development of the formation of the third generation of multi-model series electric locomotive, electric locomotive species "from less to more"; 1996 China's first computer control, frame-supporting full-suspension wheel hollow shaft drive six-link flexible quasi-high speed passenger electric locomotive (June 1998 to test the maximum speed of 240km / h) and AC drive electric locomotives developed, marking the development of electric locomotive into the high-tech areas, to achieve high-speed from normal speed to and from AC-DC LCI drive to drive across the two milestones, our electric locomotive in the field of new technologies to achieve a "low to high." In addition, diesel locomotive, the AC drive is also gradually replace the DC drive. September 8, 1999, China's first AC drive diesel locomotive factory in Qingdao, the Quartet was born. This station is named "McNair force" Train the birth and development history of China diesel a new milestone, marking the AC drive diesel locomotive in China to achieve a "zero" breakthrough.
In addition, high-speed trains in China are gearing up for construction work, is planning to build Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail projects around the railway the length of 1300km, across the board for the double-track, electrified the exchange, all interchange; plan is currently the maximum speed 300km / h, the future requirements to achieve 350km / h. Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway construction, China will promote high-speed railway construction, driving the development of related industries, but also promote economic development in surrounding areas.
With the development of national economy, China's urban rail transit construction is constantly evolving. In the 21st century, China's urban rail transit construction entered a rapid development track, especially in Beijing, Shanghai, respectively, to the 2008 Olympics and 2010 World Expo as an opportunity, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Suzhou, Hangzhou and other cities in the Pearl River Delta Island, the Yangtze River Delta region's economic take-off for the time of its metro and urban rail transit construction of more active. As of the end of 2003, the exception of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions, have been opened to traffic in metro, suburban railway, light rail, high-speed magnetic levitation line, elevated rail lines, 16 lines, 385km. These lines in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, Dalian, Changchun and other 6 cities. In addition, there are a large number of projects under construction to be built. Since 2004, the exception of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions, construction of urban rail transit in a total of 15 lines, about 275km, covering Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Nanjing, Chongqing, Wuhan and other 8 cities. The exception of Hong Kong, Macao preparation for construction outside the region (and the application has been approved project) in a total of 24 rail transit lines, with a total length of about 579km, covering 16 cities. More than 20 cities across the country are interested in construction of urban rail traffic.
In terms of metro and light rail vehicles, traction, or rely on imports of most of the equipment or large companies and foreign production. The development of the Metro light rail prospects, many domestic manufacturers are also added to the Metro light rail vehicle research and production in the past, which in turn will promote the development of this industry. Tianjin Binhai line from Changchun Bus Factory collaboration with Toshiba Corporation, the production of stainless steel AC drive vehicles, powered by 1500V overhead network. Town Vehicle Factory cooperation with the French Alstom, the production of aluminum for the body of Nanjing Metro subway car AC drive. Shanghai Electric (Group) Corporation and Alstom joint venture company, has produced the first column of Train for the Xin Min Line, from domestic production as a starting point of 10%, 70% of the progressive realization of localization. CSR Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works and the German Siemens company, Shanghai Pearl Line Phase II project for the production of aluminum subway cars.
AC drive completely replace the DC drive has become an irreversible trend.
With the development of power semiconductor devices and microelectronics, computer technology advances, AC motor drive greater development of the theory began to deteriorate - frequency control induction motors based on mathematical model of steady-state and dynamic performance is poor, speed is not ideal. In the early 20th century, made of 70 vector control (also known as the rotor field oriented control) concept, which is based on the DC speed control system for induction motor control theory of vector decoupling achieved flux and torque of an independent regulator, and the dynamic response good performance, but also brought new problems, namely, variation of rotor parameters and difficult to determine.
The mid-80's direct torque control, based on the stator magnetic field, the mathematical model is simple, easy changes of the stator parameters and the determination of the dynamic response performance is good, but the harmonics out of control. 90 Intelligent control, such as fuzzy control, artificial neural networks, and the development of nonlinear control theory, motor speed also injected new vitality, the current research in this area is very active. Vector control and direct torque control AC speed as the more accurate the program, have applied to the actual commercial product, in the field of locomotive traction drive has its important applications, the locomotive in the field of electric traction on a higher level, play important role. In particular, direct torque control, as compared with the vector control, with control structure is simple, fast dynamic response parameters of the motor itself is not sensitive, is a particularly suitable for less precision for speed, but require fast accurate torque control of electric traction control program. Therefore, since the 80s, direct torque control are widespread attention, in the electric traction locomotive transmission areas has been very good application.
Electrified railway and urban rail transit from DC to AC drive the rapid development, and it is the emerging development of power electronic devices inseparable. Because of the emergence of any new device will transform the power and control technology to create breakthrough to dramatically improve the performance and the drive to expand its range of applications.
In the high-voltage large-capacity electric locomotive field of electrical transmission since the early 80's GTO has been developed to become the main device in the field. Such as Japan in 1981, Hitachi has successfully developed high-power GTO with 2500V/1000A 600kVAGTO drive device comprising the first electric locomotive used. Using 4500V/2000AGTO 1989 for the development of foreign-controlled speed of 200km 5600kWPWM electric locomotive. In recent years, power semiconductor devices focused on the development of MOS bipolar devices (IGBT and IGCT) and field controller, of which IGBT has matured, and in small and medium power applications become a major device. IGBT is the mid-80s came a new power semiconductor devices. It combines a MOSFET's rapid response, high input impedance and low-GTR-state voltage drop, high current density characteristics. Has been developed to the third generation, such as Japan, Mitsubishi introduced in 1995 specifically for electric locomotives and the auxiliary power module with the 1700V/400AIGBT. EUPEC company can produce pressure up to 3300 ~ 4500V, current up to 2400A module, and gradually to a higher voltage, higher power applications to enter, there is a trend to replace GTO. France is also studying the use of a new generation of IGBT devices high-speed electric locomotive form. Compared with the GTO, IGBT devices used for electric locomotive has the following advantages:
1) can control the IGBT switching frequency, high frequency switching to a 20k ~ 50kHz, while the GTO usually a few hundred hertz, the frequency increased to achieve low noise and makes the system compact. 2) voltage-driven, simple control, drive power is small. Since IGBT is a MOS and bipolar composite device. It has a high input impedance MOSFET can be driven by voltage. The GTO turn-off gate current turn-on current of up to 20% to 50%. It's driving circuit needs are. 3) IGBT easy parallel can be made into modular IPM, to simplify the device structure. Mitsubishi has this product launch.
Can be expected that the next generation of high-voltage electric locomotives and other large-capacity electric transmission areas, will also be widely used IGBT, to replace the GTO, which has become a trend.